standard hardware & the concept clarification
| process technology | 常见工艺 | key words | 术语 |
| machining | 机加工 | screw and bolt | 螺丝和螺栓 |
| stamping | 冲压 | nuts | 螺母 |
| cold forming | 冷镦 | washer | 垫片或芥子 |
| forge | 锻造 | rivet | 铆钉 |
| casting | 铸造 | clip | 挡圈 |
| powder metallurgy | 粉末冶金 | pin | 销 |
| MIM | 金属注射成型 | welding | 焊 |
| injection molding | 注塑 | insert | 嵌件，螺纹护套 |
| fiber drawing | 拉丝 | sems and keps | 组合螺丝或组合螺母 |
| sand blasting | 喷砂 | gear | 齿轮 |
| heat treat | 热处理 | coupling | 联轴器 |
| plating | 电镀 | bearing | 轴承 |
| powder coating | 喷粉 | spring | 弹簧 |
| turning | 车 | seal and gasket | 密封圈或密封件 |
| milling | 铣 | self-clinching hardware | 压铆紧固件 |
| boring | 镗 | standoff or spacer | 螺柱 |
| fraising | 铰 | ||
| grinding | 磨 | ||
| drill | 钻 | ||
| discharge | 放电 | ||
| linear cutting | Wire EDM | WEDM | 线割 | ||
| Blade | 锯 | ||
| Plan | 刨 |
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