45# Steel - High-Quality Carbon Structural Steel, Most Commonly Used Medium-Carbon Quenched and Tempered Steel
Main Characteristics: It is the most commonly used medium-carbon quenched and tempered steel with good comprehensive mechanical properties, low hardenability, and prone to cracking during water quenching. Small parts are suitable for quenching and tempering, while large parts are suitable for normalizing.
Application Examples: Primarily used for manufacturing high-strength moving parts such as turbine impellers, compressor pistons, shafts, gears, racks, worms, etc. For welded parts, preheat before welding and stress-relief annealing after welding are recommended.
Q235A (A3 Steel) - Most Commonly Used Carbon Structural Steel
Main Characteristics: It has high plasticity, toughness, welding performance, cold stamping performance, as well as certain strength and good cold bending performance.
Application Examples: Widely used for parts and welded structures with general requirements, such as tension rods, connecting rods, pins, shafts, screws, nuts, rings, brackets, bases, building structures, bridges, etc., that are not subject to significant forces.
Representation Method:
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Composed of Q + number + quality grade symbol + deoxidization method symbol. The steel grade is prefixed with "Q," representing the yield point of the steel, followed by a number indicating the yield point value in MPa. For example, Q235 indicates carbon structural steel with a yield point (σs) of 235 MPa.
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When necessary, symbols indicating the quality grade and deoxidization method can be added after the steel grade. The quality grade symbols are A, B, C, and D. A indicates no impact test required; B for impact tests at temperatures above 20°C; C for impact tests at temperatures above 0°C; and D for impact tests at temperatures above -20°C. The difference from A to D refers to the different impact temperatures in their performance.
Specifically: Q235A grade does not require an impact toughness test; Q235B grade requires an impact toughness test at room temperature (20°C); Q235C grade requires an impact toughness test at 0°C; and Q235D grade requires an impact toughness test at -20°C.
Deoxidization method symbols: F for rimming steel; b for semi-killed steel; Z for killed steel; TZ for special killed steel. The killed steel symbol can be omitted, i.e., both Z and TZ can be excluded. For example, Q235-AF indicates A-grade rimming steel.
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Carbon steel for special purposes, such as bridge steel.
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Q represents the yield strength of the steel, followed by a number indicating the yield strength value (MPa). When necessary, the quality grade (A, B, C, D, E) and deoxidization method (F, b, Z) can be added after the number.
40Cr - One of the Most Widely Used Steel Types, Belonging to Alloy Structural Steel
Main Characteristics: After quenching and tempering, it exhibits good comprehensive mechanical properties, low-temperature impact toughness, and low notch sensitivity. It has good hardenability, can achieve high fatigue strength during oil cooling, but complex-shaped parts are prone to cracking during water cooling. It has medium cold bending plasticity and good machinability after tempering or quenching and tempering, but poor weldability, prone to cracking. Preheat to 100-150°C before welding. It is generally used in the quenched and tempered state and can also undergo carbonitriding and high-frequency surface quenching.
Application Examples: After quenching and tempering, it is used for manufacturing medium-speed, medium-load parts such as machine tool gears, shafts, worms, spline shafts, thimble bushes, etc. After quenching and high-frequency surface quenching, it is used for manufacturing parts with high surface hardness and wear resistance, such as gears, shafts, spindles, crankshafts, mandrels, sleeves, pins, connecting rods, screws, nuts, intake valves, etc.
After quenching and medium-temperature tempering, it is used for manufacturing heavy-load, medium-speed impact parts such as oil pump rotors, sliders, gears, spindles, collars, etc. After quenching and low-temperature tempering, it is used for manufacturing heavy-load, low-impact, wear-resistant parts such as worms, spindles, shafts, collars, etc. Carbonitriding is used for manufacturing larger-sized transmission parts with high low-temperature impact toughness, such as shafts and gears.
HT150 - Gray Cast Iron
HT150 represents gray cast iron with a tensile strength of 150 MPa.
Main Characteristics: It belongs to medium-strength cast iron with good casting performance, simple processes, low casting stress, and no need for artificial aging. It has certain mechanical strength and good shock absorption.
Application Examples: Gear cases, machine tool beds, cases, hydraulic cylinders, pump bodies, valve bodies, flywheels, cylinder heads, pulleys, bearing caps, etc.
35 - Commonly Used Material for Various Standard Parts and Fasteners
Main Characteristics: It has moderate strength, good plasticity, high cold plasticity, and acceptable weldability. It can be partially upset and drawn in the cold state. It has low hardenability and is used after normalizing or quenching and tempering.
Application Examples: Suitable for manufacturing small-section parts that can bear large loads, such as crankshafts, levers, connecting rods, hooks, rings, various standard parts, and fasteners.
65Mn - Commonly Used Spring Steel
Main Characteristics: After heat treatment and cold drawing hardening, it has high strength, certain toughness and plasticity. Under the same surface condition and full hardenability, its fatigue limit is comparable to alloy spring steel, but it has poor hardenability.
Application Examples: Small-sized flat and round springs, seat cushion springs, spring coils, spring rings, valve springs, clutch reeds, brake springs, cold-rolled spiral springs, retaining rings, etc.
0Cr18Ni9 - Most Commonly Used Stainless Steel (US Steel Grade 304, Japanese Steel Grade SUS304)
Characteristics and Applications: It is the most widely used stainless and heat-resistant steel, such as in food equipment, general chemical equipment, and equipment for the atomic energy industry.
Cr12 - Commonly Used Cold Work Die Steel (US Steel Grade D3, Japanese Steel Grade SKD1)
Characteristics and Applications: Cr12 steel is a widely used cold work die steel belonging to the high-carbon, high-chromium ledeburitic steel. It has good hardenability and wear resistance. Due to its high carbon content of 2.3%, it has poor impact toughness and is prone to brittle fracture, and it is easy to form uneven eutectic carbides.
Due to its good wear resistance, Cr12 steel is mostly used for manufacturing cold dies with high wear resistance and low impact loads, such as punches, blanking dies, cold heading dies, cold extrusion die punches and dies, drill bushes, gauges, wire drawing dies, embossing dies, thread rolling dies, and cold pressing dies for powder metallurgy.
DC53 - Commonly Used Japanese Imported Cold Work Die Steel
Characteristics and Applications: It is a high-strength and toughness cold work die steel, with the steel grade from Daido Steel Co., Ltd. (Japan). After high-temperature tempering, it has high hardness, high toughness, and good wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) performance. It is used for precision cold stamping dies, drawing dies, thread rolling dies, cold blanking dies, punches, etc.
SM45 - Ordinary Carbon Plastic Mold Steel (Japanese Steel Grade S45C)
(Note: No specific characteristics or applications provided for this grade in the original text.)
DCCr12MoV - Wear-Resistant Chromium Steel (Domestically Produced)
Compared to Cr12 steel, it has lower carbon content and added Mo and V, which improves the unevenness of carbides. Mo reduces carbide segregation and enhances hardenability, while V refines grain structure and increases toughness. This steel has high hardenability, can be fully hardened with a section thickness of up to 400mm, maintains good hardness and wear resistance at 300-400°C, has higher toughness than Cr12, exhibits minimal volume changes during quenching, and possesses high wear resistance and good comprehensive mechanical properties.
Therefore, it can be used to manufacture molds with large cross-sections, complex shapes, and high impact resistance, such as ordinary drawing dies, punch dies, blanking dies, trimming dies, edging dies, wire drawing dies, cold extrusion dies, cold cutting scissors, circular saws, standard tools, gauges, etc.
SKD11 - Tough Chromium Steel (Produced by Hitachi Metals, Ltd., Japan)
Technically improved casting structure and refined grain size enhance the toughness and wear resistance compared to Cr12MoV, extending the service life of molds.
D2 - High-Carbon, High-Chromium Cold Work Steel (Produced in the USA)
It has high hardenability, quenching hardness, wear resistance, high-temperature oxidation resistance, good corrosion resistance after quenching and polishing, and minimal heat
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